Pectorals - the broad band comprising of the two muscles across the chest that work to adduct the arms by pulling them across the chest. The pectoralis major covers the chest from the top of the arm to the clavicle (collarbone), down to the breast bone (sternum) and the topmost six ribs. The smaller pectoralis minor is located beneath the larger muscle, and extends from mid-chest to shoulder blade.
Yoga - an exercise regimen which help control the body and mind, and attain a sense of wellness. The several forms of yoga include postures (called `asanas`) for building strength and flexibility, breath-control exercises that calm and purify the body, and meditation to help the mind and body relax and manage stress better.
Dehydration - an excessive depletion of fluid or water from the body. An abnormally high level of glucose (sugar) in the urine causes extreme fluid depletion, and the individual becomes hugely dehydrated.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) - a body composition test to estimate how much of the total body weight is comprised of fat and how much of non-fat. Non-fat weight is that which is made up of bone, muscle, body water, organs, and other body tissues. BIA works by measuring how difficult it is for a small electric current to run through the subject`s body. The more fat a person has, the more difficult it is for an electric charge to pass through the subject`s body. The less fat a person has, the simpler it is for electricity to flow through the body. By calculating the transmission of electricity, it is possible to measure body fat percentage.
Physical Activity - any form of exercise or movement. This may entail a scheduled activity like walking, running, baseball, or any other sports. Physical exercise might also entail other day-to-day activities like chores around the house, yard work, taking one`s dog for a walk, and the like. It is recommended that adults get at least a half-hour and children get at least an hour of medium-intensity physical activity most days of the week. Light to moderate physical exercise is any activity which requires the expenditure of approximately the energy expended on walking two miles in 30 minutes.
Diuretic - a drug that is used to increase the secretion and discharge of urine. May give the illusion of a drop in weight as the loss is in fluids, not fat. Could result in a potassium deficiency.
Aerobic - containing oxygen or requiring oxygen.
Plateau - attaining a certain level or period of stability. Those who have been dieting could be considered to plateau when they have successfully lost weight so that their current, lower metabolic demands are equal to their calorie consumption.
Insulin-dependent Diabetes - a condition in which the pancreas fails to manufacture any insulin, causing abnormally high levels of blood glucose (sugar). Also known as type I diabetes.
Phytate - a chemical complex (large-moleculed) substance, which is the principal (that is, 60 - 80 percent) salt of phosphorous in chemical form with the kernels of whole grains, oilseeds, and their by products. Non-ruminants, like human beings, who have a single-chambered stomach (for example, swine) are unable to assimilate and use the phosphorus within phytate, since they lack the enzyme called phytase in their digestive systems, so that phosphorus (phytate) is excreted into the atmosphere. When phytase enzyme is present in the ration of a monogastric animal at a high enough level, the one-stomached mammal is then able to assimilate the phytate, thereby releasing phosphorus for absorption.
Allergy - over-reaction of the body`s immune system in vulnerable persons. Indications of allergic reactions include rashes, sneezing, coughing, as well as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Helix - a winding shape with a repeating pattern expressed in 2 simultaneous activities (translation and rotation). Biological polymers usually exhibit this kind of structure (the DNA molecule has a double-helix shape).
Amino Acid Score - a ratio of the specific levels of different amino acids present in a food, or present in the diet relative to the bodily requirement for the amino acid. This score does not consider whether the amino acid is digestible.
Dumping Syndrome (Rapid Gastric Emptying) - an adverse side effect of bariatric procedures, by which food is prematurely released from the stomach into the small intestine; results in nausea, weakness, vomiting and, occasionally, diarrhea.
Digestion - the organic process by which the stomach and intestines convert food into substances that can be absorbed into the body.
Lactose - a sugar naturally found in milk, and also referred to as milk sugar. It is the least sweet of all natural sugars and is utilized in candies and baby formulas.
HDL - look at `High-density Lipoprotein`.
Nutraceutical - an organic food (such as garlic or soya) or nutritional supplement (such as cod liver oil or garlic capsules) considered to give the consumer medicinal or healthful attributes over and above basic nutrition, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Studies show that this term might not be popular with consumers. (Also look at functional foods.)
Hyperglycemia - excessive blood sugar.
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