Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - a US federal agency, including 11 centers, agencies and offices, that has the objective of promoting health and improve standards of living by preventing and controlling disease, physical injury and disability.
Anemia - a medical condition that occurs when there is a reduced count or size of erythrocytes (red blood cells) or the amount of hemoglobin these cells contain hampers oxygen being transported to the tissue cells by the blood, and carbon dioxide being carried away. The majority of anemias are due to a lack of nutrients necessary for normal erythrocyte synthesis, principally iron (a mineral essential to the formation of hemoglobin), vitamin B-12 (which plays an important role in energy metabolism), and folic acid (a B-complex vitamin). Others result from various conditions, for instance severe bleeding, inherited deficiencies, chronic disease states or negative effects of prescribed drugs.
Isoflavones - a type of estrogen-like substance present in soybeans and soy-based foods, which may decrease menopause symptoms.
Caffeine - an alkaloid which acts as a stimulant and is present in the leaves, seeds, or fruits of over 63 types of plants across the world and is part of a set of chemical compounds called methylxanthines. The most popularly accepted caffeine sources are coffee beans, cocoa beans, cola nuts, and tea-leaves. Caffeine has the properties of an active drug and, depending on the dose, can stimulate the nervous system to a moderate extent. This substance is not stored or accumulated in the system over the course of time and is normally eliminated in a matter of hours after it has been imbibed.
Body Mass Index (BMI) - a math formula used to calculate overweight and obesity in adults. BMI is a computation that divides a person`s weight (in kilograms) by his/her height (in meters) squared (BMI = [kg/mē]). There is also a formula to calculate BMI in pounds and inches: BMI=[lbs/inē] x 703. The common guideline currently being suggested by the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) is that people who have a BMI of 25-29.9 are deemed to weigh more than they ought to and those people with a BMI of more than 30 are said to be dangerously over their ideal body weight. BMI is a useful method for people to become aware of their risk for particular diseases, including hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) - the amount of chemical substances that, when taken in every day for an entire lifetime, is apparently without noticeable adverse effect. High levels of chemical ingestion have presumably been associated with some birth defects. Based on the findings of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), including enough folic acid is enough to eliminate the danger of NTDs. (Refer to `Folic Acid`.)
Stearate - a saturated fatty acid comprised of 18 atoms of carbon that form its molecular `backbone` that is essentially non-reactionary in terms of leading to coronary heart illness in humans (in the sense that it is not seen to appreciably increase low-density lipoprotein levels in the blood). Due to the heart disease neutrality and resistance to oxidation/breakdown, oils that contain stearate are highly recommended as cooking oils.
Quadriceps - also called quads, the large group of 4 muscles along the front of the thigh. Quads bend the legs at the hips and extend the knee. Toning and strengthening this muscle group could help ward off injuries to the knee.
DAS (Diallyl Sulfide) - a class of sulphur compound /thoil found in onions, garlic, olives, leeks and scallions, which may provide the health advantages of reducing `bad` cholesterol and of maintaining a functional immune system.
Subcutaneous - the layer of fatty tissue between skin and muscle.
Blind Experiment (single or double) - research methods. In a `single blind` experiment, the participants are unaware of whether they are receiving an experimental treatment or a placebo. In a double blind testing procedure, neither the test subjects nor the test administrators know which test subjects receive the treatment, until the study has been concluded.
Waist Circumference - measurement of the waist. Fat around the waist (abdomen) escalates the risk of obesity-related physical complications. Adult females whose waist measurement is over 35 inches (88.9 centimeters), or men with a waist measurement of over 40 inches have a larger probability of developing obesity-related ailments or illnesses, such as hypertension, cardiac disease, and diabetes.
Tagatose - technically named `D-tagatose`, a reduced-calorie sweetener extracted from milk sugar (lactose), which occurs naturally in a few dairy products and other food products. Tagatose has been deemed to be a GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) substance within the U.S.A., which authorizes its use in the production of edible goods & beverages.
Rapid Weight Loss - as the body metabolizes fat in the course of speedy loss of excess weight, it causes the liver to secrete more than the normal amount of cholesterol into bile, which could lead to the formation of gallstones.
Type 2 Diabetes - previously called `noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)` or `adult-onset diabetes`. Type 2 diabetes is the most widespread kind of diabetes mellitus. Around 90 to 95 percent of individuals who have diabetes have Type 2 diabetes. Individuals who have type II diabetes produce insulin, but they either do not make insulin in adequate enough amounts or their bodies do not utilize the insulin they secrete. Most of the people with this type of diabetes are overweight or obese. Insulin is present in the body, but does not function as it should. Therefore, people with Type II diabetes might be able to manage their disease by going on a diet-and- exercise program to lose weight. They might also need to inject insulin or be on medical drugs in conjunction with following a healthy diet and exercise program. Though Type 2 diabetes routinely develops in adults over the age of 30, an ever-increasing number of youngsters and teens who weigh more than their ideal weight are also developing Type 2 diabetes.
Alveoli - microscopic air sacs inside the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Adverse Reaction Monitoring System (ARMS) - a system administered by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) arm of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), which tracks and scrutinizes all grievances from patients or from their doctors that that could be linked to a specific food item, food and color additives or vitamin and/or mineral supplements. The ARMS computerized data repository assists officials to investigate whether reported adverse reactions to a substance are a genuine danger to public health that is associated with any food item, so that the FDA can take suitable measures.
Polyunsaturated Fat - a class of highly unsaturated fats which is liquid at room temperature. Fats that are found in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. The highest levels of polyunsaturated fats are present in corn, soybean, and safflower oils, and many types of nuts. These fats contain the identical caloric count as do other types of fat and may still contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) - a protein-coated fat compound of cholesterol. It is formed from very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, which are present in the bloodstream. More often referred to as `bad cholesterol`, LDL transports cholesterol to the tissues and cells of the body. Increased levels of LDL are most obviously linked with arteriosclerosis (hardening and thickening of the arterial walls) and increase the risk of cardiac complications. An LDL that is below 100 mg/dL is deemed optimal, 100 - 120 milligrams per deciliter of blood is said to be near or just over optimal, 130 - 159 milligrams per deciliter of blood is considered verging on high, 160 - 189 milligrams per deciliter of blood is considered high, while 190 milligrams per deciliter of blood or more is said to be extremely high.
Nutrition - (i) the bodily process of using food to sustain life and by which living creatures obtain energy from food and drink for the purpose of body growth and maintenance; (ii) the study of the organic process by which an organism assimilates and uses food and liquids for normal functioning, growth, and maintenance.
Bias - takes place when flaws in clinical trials produce results that are unrelated to the variables being researched or analyzed. One such example is selection bias, which takes place when the individuals or groups who take part in a study are selected in a way that can deceptively increase or decrease the strength of an association. Selection bias may occur when control and study groups are made up of differing populations.
Staple Crops - the crops which are most common in people`s diets. Staples that account for a substantial share of the diet include wheat, rice, and corn (maize). These 3 crops supply 60% of the world`s food energy (calorie) intake. Rice, in fact, fuels the energy of approximately 50% of mankind. Characteristically, staple crops are well adapted to the climatic and other conditions prevalent in their source areas. For instance, they may have developed resistance to lack of water, insect parasites or even soil lacking in sufficient nutrients.
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